Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the formation of the solar system. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. [219] 68% of the land mass of the world is in the Northern Hemisphere. "Ocean and Climate." Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter solstice currently occurs around 21 December; summer solstice is near 21 June, spring equinox is around 20 March and autumnal equinox is about 22 or 23 September. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km (6.8 mi) of the surface. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius.
The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 4.5682+0.0002−0.0004 Ga (billion years) ago. The chemistry of meteorites and Sun provide constraints on the composition of the bulk of the Earth. Let us know in the comments what you think about the concepts in this article! [78] This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which led to the evolution of humans.
Early Theories. Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest and most massive of the four rocky planets. http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/ice_ages/why_4_cool_periods.html. North Dakota University System. ", "Tides, tidalites, and secular changes in the Earth–Moon system", "Tidally locked exoplanets may be more common than previously thought", "Lunar Phases and Eclipses | Earth's Moon", "A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth", "First Asteroid Companion of Earth Discovered at Last", "2006 RH120 ( = 6R10DB9) (A second moon for the Earth? [n 13][citation needed], In geodesy, the exact shape that Earth's oceans would adopt in the absence of land and perturbations such as tides and winds is called the geoid. [120], As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. Mammalian life has diversified over the past 66 Mys, and several million years ago an African ape gained the ability to stand upright. Due to gravitational pull a gaseous tide was raised on the surface of the sun.
Learn more. [225][226], The first human to orbit Earth was Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961.
Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% the energy at aphelion. [citation needed], Many localized areas are subject to human-made pollution of the air and water, acid rain and toxic substances, loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, species extinction, soil degradation, soil depletion and erosion.
If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Origin of Earth - Free download as Word Doc (.doc), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This lowest layer is called the troposphere. [157], Further factors that affect a location's climates are its proximity to oceans, the oceanic and atmospheric circulation, and topology. Hi there! Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon, which is Earth's only natural satellite. [173] The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. [176] Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which waves propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic bow shock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind. Although it is the most studied planet, it cannot be completely understood in isolation. Over 99% of the crust is composed of 11 oxides, principally silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash and soda. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses. Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 AU (150 million km; 93 million mi), about 250 times its present radius.
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