The Japanese army mounted its assault on the Nanjing walls from multiple directions; the SEF's 16th Division attacked three gates on the eastern side, the 6th Division of the 10A launched its offensive on the western walls, and the SEF's 9th Division advanced into the area in-between. Instead of refuting the allegations, the interviewed veterans confirmed that a massacre had taken place and openly described and admitted to taking part in the atrocities. After losing the Battle of Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek knew that the fall of Nanjing was a matter of time. On December 1, 1937, Nanjing Mayor Ma Chaochun ordered all Chinese citizens remaining in Nanjing to move into the "Safety Zone." The city normally held about 250,000 people, but by the mid-1930s its population had swollen to more than 1 million.
Probably taken by Bernhard Sindberg.
Some Chinese soldiers stripped civilians of their clothing in a desperate attempt to blend in, and many others were shot by the Chinese supervisory unit as they tried to flee.[36]. The contest—a race between the two officers to see who could kill 100 people first using only a sword—was covered much like a sporting event with regular updates on the score over a series of days. While the books' take on Nanjing is stilted and feels like the product of a committee, in various versions they acknowledge the deaths of thousands of Chinese including women and children, as well as looting, arson and assaults by Japanese soldiers.
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There was considerable destruction to areas outside the city walls.
Cette description détaillée de l'incident est la première sérieuse et approfondie dans l'historiographie en japonais de l'après-guerre[5].
In the afternoon, two Japanese Navy fleets arrived. Ce même jour, 13 000 soldats chinois sont emmenés sur les rives du Yangtsé, encerclés, puis mitraillés. C'est le début du massacre. [2] However, Erwin Wickert, the editor of The diaries of John Rabe, points out that "It is likely that Rabe's estimate is too low, since he could not have had an overview of the entire municipal area during the period of the worst atrocities.
Hata affirme que le nombre de victimes du massacre se situe entre 38 000 et 48 000.
As those who are related to the prewar military, we simply apologize deeply to the people of China. The Tokyo War Crime Tribunal defined the period of the massacre to the ensuing six weeks. Yang Daqing, "Convergence or Divergence?
Before the 1970s, China did relatively little to draw attention to the Nanjing massacre. Il offre ses sincères excuses à tous les survivants et aux proches et amis des victimes.
Ce n'est que lors du procès de Tokyo devant le Tribunal militaire international pour l'Extrême-Orient et du procès de Nankin que la vérité sur le massacre de Nankin est révélée au public japonais. Some of these primary accounts, including the diaries of John Rabe and American Minnie Vautrin, came from foreigners who opted to stay behind to protect the Chinese civilians from harm. At noon on December 9, the Japanese military dropped leaflets into the city, urging the city of Nanjing to surrender within 24 hours, promising "no mercy" if the offer is refused. It referred to the Nanjing massacre as an "incident", and glossed over the issue of comfort women. George A. Fitch, Lewis S. C. Smythe, and James McCallum filed affidavits with their diaries and letters. Le 13 décembre, les Japonais s'emparent de Nankin. The massacre occurred over a six-week period starting on December 13, 1937, the day the Japanese captured Nanking. [141], Many Japanese prime ministers have visited the Yasukuni Shrine, a shrine for Japanese war deaths up until the end of the Second World War, which includes war criminals that were involved in the Nanjing Massacre. The readers must feel like reading a detective story.
During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered disarmed combatants and Chinese civilians numbering an estimated 40,000 to over 300,000,[7][8] and perpetrated widespread rape and looting. Yoshida contended that over time the event has acquired different meanings to different people. In a memorandum for the palace rolls, Hirohito singled Prince Yasuhiko Asaka out for censure as the one imperial kinsman whose attitude was "not good."
105-139, the chapter on the Safety Zone. The reason that the [10th Army] is advancing to Nanjing quite rapidly is due to the tacit consent among the officers and men that they could loot and rape as they wish. The contest continued because neither had killed 100 people. Bergamini, David, "Japan's Imperial Conspiracy," William Morrow, New York; 1971. The debate concerning the massacre took place mainly in the 1970s. This page was last edited on 17 October 2020, at 15:08.
For 17 December:[64].
Although the massacre is generally described as having occurred over a six-week period after the fall of Nanjing, the crimes committed by the Japanese army were not limited to that period. While the extent of Prince Asaka's responsibility for the massacre remains a matter of debate, the ultimate sanction for the massacre and the crimes committed during the invasion of China were issued in Emperor Hirohito's ratification of the Japanese army's proposition to remove the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners on August 5, 1937.[47].
They bayoneted one little boy of eight who [had] five bayonet wounds including one that penetrated his stomach, a portion of omentum was outside the abdomen. I managed to get an ambulance so we can take her to Kulou Hospital ... Last night up to 1,000 women and girls are said to have been raped, about 100 girls at Ginling College…alone. [92] This estimation includes the surrounding area outside of the city of Nanjing, which is objected to by a Chinese researcher (the same book, p. 146). The bodies of civilians that I examined had bullet holes in their backs. In 1928, the Chinese Nationalist Government moved the capital of China from Peking (Beijing) to Nanking. [57] A large number of rapes were done systematically by the Japanese soldiers as they went from door to door, searching for girls, with many women being captured and gang raped.
From Jurong to Tangshan (two cities in Jiangshu Province, China), Mukai had killed 89 people while Noda had killed 78.
The two men were described as vying to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword before the capture of Nanjing. [23] Nevertheless, on December 1, headquarters ordered the Central China Area Army and the 10th Army to capture Nanjing, then-capital of the Republic of China. He met with division commanders, lieutenant-generals Kesago Nakajima and Heisuke Yanagawa, who informed him that the Japanese troops had almost completely surrounded 300,000 Chinese troops in the vicinity of Nanjing and that preliminary negotiations suggested that the Chinese were ready to surrender. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Nanjing had been constantly bombed for days and the Chinese troops that remained there were disheartened and had taken to drinking before the city's inevitable fall. [citation needed], The government of Japan believes it can not be denied that the killing of a large number of noncombatants, looting and other acts by the Japanese army occurred. In an attempt to secure permission for this cease-fire from Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Rabe, who was living in Nanjing and had been acting as the Chairman of the Nanjing International Safety Zone Committee, boarded the USS Panay on December 9. Shortly after the surrender of Japan, the primary officers in charge of the Japanese troops at Nanjing were put on trial. Now, in the winter, the season gives time to reflect. I could go on for pages telling of cases of rape and brutality almost beyond belief.
Photo in the album taken in Nanjing by Itou Kaneo of the Kisarazu Air Unit of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Probably taken by Bernhard Sindberg. Plusieurs Occidentaux, présents à Nankin, prirent l'initiative d'instaurer une zone de sécurité au sein de laquelle les habitants devaient en théorie échapper aux atrocités commises par les militaires japonais.
American missionary John Magee stayed behind to provide a 16 mm film documentary and first-hand photographs of the Nanjing Massacre. This created panic in the area and hundreds of women moved into the Ginling College campus yesterday. In the University Middle School where there are 8,000 people the Japs came in ten times last night, over the wall, stole food, clothing, and raped until they were satisfied. Hiroshi Yoshida concludes "more than 200,000" in his book. Five of these were journalists who remained in the city a few days after it was captured, leaving the city on December 16. When I show them my party badge, they return the same way.
He reportedly claims it would have been impossible to kill so many people in such a short period of time. She gave a final scream as her intestines spilled out. "[79][80], Ralph L. Phillips, a missionary, testified to the U.S. State Assembly Investigating Committee, that he was "forced to watch while the Japs disembowled a Chinese soldier" and "roasted his heart and liver and ate them. [142][143][144][145], Yoshida asserts that "Nanjing has figured in the attempts of all three nations [China, Japan and the United States] to preserve and redefine national and ethnic pride and identity, assuming different kinds of significance based on each country's changing internal and external enemies.
The General Staff Headquarters in Tokyo initially decided not to expand the war due to the high casualties incurred and the low morale of the troops. Tokyo Nichi Nichi, 13 December 1937 article on the killing contest. In case of resistance or anything that seems like disapproval, there is a bayonet stab or a bullet.… People are hysterical… Women are being carried off every morning, afternoon and evening.
Since records were not kept, estimates regarding the number of victims buried in the ditch range from 4,000 to 20,000.
À partir de ses recherches en Chine, Honda écrit une série d'articles dans Asahi Shimbun sur les atrocités (comme sur le massacre de Nankin) commises par les soldats japonais durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, appelée Chūgoku no Tabi (中国の旅, Voyages en Chine). On the 12th, the defending Chinese troops decided to retreat to the other side of the Yangtze River (Yangzi Jiang).
[24] The number of Chinese soldiers in plain clothes that were executed are estimated to be around 4,000.
Some soldiers then went to the next room, where Mrs. Hsia's parents, aged 76 and 74, and her two daughters aged 16 and 14 [were].
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